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Background: Although Haematoxylin and Eosin is a widely used stain to study oral epithelial dysplasia, sometimes studying mitotic figures in sections stained with these stains might pose problems. Mitotic figures is one of the major criterias to assess dysplasia. Various methods to illustrate mitotic figures have been developed over the years including microscopy, morphometry, flow cytometry, nucleotide radiolabelling and immunohistochemistry. But these methods are not cost effective and less feasible for routine use. Selective stains such as crystal violet, giemsa, toluidine blue, feulgen have been used for staining mitotic figures in tissues. Aim: The present study aims to evaluate effectiveness of various stains for studying mitotic figures. Objectives: To study the efficacy of various specific stains to highlight mitotic figures in oral epithelial dysplasia. Material & methods: The study sample includes sections from tissues embedded in paraffin blocks diagnosed as oral epithelial dysplasia. These sections will be stained with various stains and the mitotic figures will be assessed. Results: Mitotic figures were enhanced with feulgen stain. Conclusion: The study will be further continued with greater sample size for quantification of mitotic figures with H & E and Feulgen stain.

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Background: The role of periodontal diseases in influencing the systemic diseases such as diabetes mellitus, cardiovascular diseases and pulmonary diseases has been reported. Aim: The current study was carried out to evaluate the differences in levels of the components of peripheral blood in patients with chronic periodontitis and gingivitis and compare it with healthy controls. Methods and Materials: Atotal of 62 patients, 31 male and 31 female, were divided into 3 groups namely; healthy controls (10 male, 8 female), gingivitis (10 male, 9 female) and chronic periodontitis (11 male, 14 female) and were evaluated for haemoglobin percentage, red blood cell count, haematocrit, erythrocyte sedimentation rate, mean corpuscular volume, mean corpuscular haemoglobin, mean corpuscular haemoglobin concentration, total leukocyte count, neutrophil, lymphocyte, monocyte and eosinophil percentages. Statistical tools used: Two factor ANOVAand Scheffe's Post Hoc test Results: The mean red blood cell counts and haematocrit were lower in female patients with periodontitis as compared to the healthy female patients and females patients with gingivitis. The haemoglobin percentage, haematocrit and mean corpuscular haemoglobin showed significant differences between the gingivitis and periodontitis groups (p<0.05). Total leukocyte counts, lymphocyte and monocyte percentage counts were significantly different between the healthy and periodontitis groups. The neutrophil counts were significantly different between healthy and gingivitis groups (p<0.05). Conclusion:The results indicate that chronic periodontitis may alter the levels of the components of the peripheral blood.

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Medical implants and biological models have three main characteristics: low volume, complex shape, and can be customized. These characteristics suit very well with Rapid Prototyping (RP) and Rapid Manufacturing (RM) processes. RP/RM processes are fabricated part layer- by-layer until complete shape finished from 3D model. Biocompatible materials, such as Titanium and Titanium alloy, Zirconium, Cobalt Chromium, PEEK, etc, are used for fabrication process. Reverse Engineering (RE) technology greatly affects RP/RM processes. RE is used to capture or scan image of the limb, cranium, tooth, and other biological objects. Three common methods to get the image are 3D laser scanning, Computer Tomography (CT), and Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI). Main RP/RM techniques used in Dentistry are Stereotype Lithography Apparatus (SLA), Fused Deposition Modeling (FDM), Selective Laser Sintering (SLS), and ink jet printing. This article reviews the changing scenario of technology in dentistry with special emphasis on Rapid Prototyping and its various applications in Dentistry.

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Proteins are the building blocks for both microorganisms and periodontium. Periodontitis is the result of complex interrelationship between infectious agents and host factors. The onset, progression and severity of periodontal disease are mainly mediated by various protein molecules. The study of proteins as biomarkers in periodontal diseases has increased attention during the last few years. The proteins involved in pathogenesis of periodontal disease can be used as biomarkers. The knowledge of various proteins involved in periodontal disease pathogenesis can be used in the diagnosis, prevention and treatment of periodontal diseases.

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Objective : To determine the microbial flora present on aprons of dental healthcare professionals in a dental college & hospital. Materials and methods: Total 100 aprons of dental healthcare professionals were included in the study. An informed consent and questionnaire was taken. A cross sectional survey was designed with bacterial contamination of aprons in three predetermined areas (chest, pocket, sleeves). Result: It was observed that 66% of dental healthcare professionals used to wash their aprons once in a week with self grading by the participants, 92% of aprons were moderately clean. 71% of dental health care professionals used to wear their aprons while eating and at nonclinical areas. 88% of chest,84% of pocket and 71% of sleeves of aprons showed growth of microorganisms. Staphylococcus aureus was the most predominant isolate followed by Bacillus species and other all isolates were either environmental microorganisms or skin commensals. Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) was also found, which was a matter of concern. Conclusions: Aprons are a potential source of cross infection even in dental settings. It is recommended that guidelines should be there for handling and washing procedures of aprons.

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Making a definitive impression of an edentulous arch can be challenging when the residual ridges present with less-than-ideal conditions. A procedure is described for the final impression of severely atrophied mandibular residual ridges especially for mandibular edentulous ridges with high muscle attachments. The objective is to develop a physiologic impression with maximum support of both hard and soft tissues. Tissues could be displaced during impression making and result in subsequent pathology, or they could be placed i.e. compression within the physiologic limits in order to maximize the support from the edentulous ridge. Close adaptation to the basal seat contributes to stability. This technique emphasizes on the concept of tissue placement and determination of the extent of mucobuccal denture extension which is achieved by the use of a close fitting tray and a viscous impression material. Final impression is made with an elastomeric impression material to capture the anatomic details of the tissues.

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A case report of an adolescent girl with a skeletal Class III malocclusion is presented. The associated clinical features of skeletal Class III are presented and management of such condition is discussed. The need for early identification and intervention of the skeletal Class III malocclusion is universally accepted by dentofacial orthopaedicians. Early intervention is associated with a better orthopedic response. Thus, treatment in the mixed or early permanent dentition can produce favorable results. Overcorrection of skeletal class III is recommended because treated patients grow similar to untreated Class III patients after treatment. Functional orthopaedic treatment rendered at an appropriate age ensures desired results in most cases. The intent of this article is to discuss the non-surgical treatment of a skeletal class III malocclusion along with a rationale of orthodontic management of such patients.

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Lipomas are the most common benign mesenchymal tumors, developing in any location where fat is normally present. They develop mostly in the subcutaneous tissues but also could develop in deeper tissues. These most commonly occur in the fifth or sixth decade of life, are multiple in 5% of patients and are uncommon in children. However in the oral cavity this is a relatively rare tumor. When present in the oral cavity these lipomas can present with difficulties in speech and mastication. They predominantly affect the buccal mucosa followed by the lip and tongue. We present a case report of a young female patient diagnosed with a fibro-lipoma in the hard palate.

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Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) are a group of enzymes which are responsible for the degradation of extracellular matrix during normal tissue turnover and also during inflammatory processes. The expression and activity of MMPs in adult tissues is normally quite low, but increases significantly in various pathological conditions that may lead into unwanted tissue destruction,such as inflammatory diseases, tumour growth and metastasis. The role of MMP-8 in periodontitis is the well-known example of the unwanted tissue destruction related to increased activity of MMPs. Degradation of the extracellular matrix may involve four distinct pathways. A body of evidence suggests that matrix components may be dissolved by extracellular matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-dependent or plasmin (Pln)-dependent cleavage reactions and that larger fragment of matrix may be disposed by a phagocytic pathway by way of cleavage by lysosomal proteinases. Mineralized matrices appear to be degraded by a complex process mediated by osteoclasts which relies on degradation by lysosomal proteinases in a narrow pericellular compartment. Matrix metalloproteinases can specifically cleave and degrade collagens and connective tissue matrix at physiologic pH and temperature. The objective of this review article is to understand the complete mechanisms regulating the expression of MMPs and enzymatic activity is of great importance.Source for all the articles is electronic Pub-Med system, published in between 1997-2011 searched by using keywords like Matrix Metalloproteinases, Periodontitis, Extracellular Matrix, Collagen . Future trend should be directed towards the development of easy, reliable and fast diagnostic tools and the effective therapeutic strategies to reduce the levels of MMPs.

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Fibro-osseous lesions of the jaws pose diagnostic and therapeutic difficulties due to their clinical, radiological and histological variability. Cemento-ossifying fibroma is a rare, benign fibro-osseous lesion that arises from the periodontal ligament. Cemento- osseous dysplasia is another variant of fibro-osseous lesion which commonly involves mandible of females. We report a case of an unusual presentation of cemento-osseous dysplasia in a 13-year-old female which posed a diagnostic dilemma clinically and histopathologically, due to its close resemblance to cemento-ossifying fibroma.

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Background: Basaloid squamous cell carcinoma of oral mucosa is a rare and aggressive variant of squamous cell carcinoma. They can be differentiated from squamous cell carcinomas by their distinct clinical and histopathological features. Methods: 45 year old female patient presented with extra oral exophytic mass and intra-oral ulcerative lesion on right buccal mucosa and vestibule. The patient was referred for routine blood examination and radiography followed by incisional biopsy. The biopsy specimen was fixed, processed and stained with Hematoxylin and Eosin for further microscopic examination. Results: On microscopic examination basaloid cells were seen proliferating along with dysplastic squamous cells in the connective tissue stroma. Conclusion: Based on the histopathological findings a diagnosis of 'Basaloid squamous cell carcinoma' was made. The patient was referred to department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery for excision of the lesion followed by radiotherapy.

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